English Glossary

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יש מילונים מקוונים רבים בתחום מערכות המידע. להלן רשימה של כמה מן המילונים היותר נפוצים. אפשר, כמובן, להשתמש במילון שלנ, הנמצא בהמשך, ובגרסה העברית, הנמצאת כאן: מילון מושגים בעברית

There are many English glossaries related to Information Systems. Following are pointers to some of the more useful glossaries available online:

Accountability: The mechanisms for assessing responsibility for decisions made and actions taken.

Accounting Rate of Return on Investment (ROI): Calculation of the rate of return on an investment by adjusting cash inflows produced by the investment for depreciation. Approximates the accounting income earned by the investment.

Accumulated Balance Digital Payment Systems: Systems enabling users to make micropayments and purchases on the Web, accumulating a debit balance on their credit card or telephone bills.

Active Systems: The active paradigm is an action, which is performed without an explicit request. It reacts to some detected transition in the application domain (event). The timing of the action may not be known in advance. It can be a stand alone reaction, or (a derived) part of a regular transaction. We are distinguishing between reactive syetmes - that react to something that has already happend (e.g. a server breakdown), and proactive systems that try to predict a possible situation and triger an action before it happens (e.g. an idication of a strom that is about to arrive might trigger evacuation action). For more information visit: http://www.haifa.il.ibm.com/projects/software/amit/approach.html

Activity-Based Costing: Model for identifying all the company activities that cause costs to occur while producing a specific product or service so that managers can see which products or services are profitable or losing money and make changes to maximize firm profitability.

Administrative Controls: Formalized standards, rules, procedures, and disciplines to ensure that the organization's controls are properly executed and enforced.

Agency Theory: Economic theory that views the firm as a nexus of contracts among self-interested individuals who must be supervised and managed.

AI Shell: The programming environment of an expert system.

Analog Signal: A continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium used for voice communications.

Antivirus Software: Software designed to detect, and often eliminate, computer viruses from an information system.

Application Controls: Specific controls unique to each computerized application.

Application Server: Software that handles all application operations between browser-based computers and a company's back-end business applications or databases.

Application Service Provider (ASP): Company providing software that can be rented by other companies over the Web or a private network.

Application Software: Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users.

Application SoftwarePackage: A set of prewritten, precoded application software programs that are commercially available for sale or lease.

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU): Component of the CPU that performs the computer's principal logic and arithmetic operations.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): The effort to develop computer-based systems that can behave like humans, with the ability to learn languages, accomplish physical tasks, use a perceptual apparatus, and emulate human expertise and decision making.

Assembly Language: A programming language developed in the 1950s that resembles machine language but substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM): A networking technology that parcels information into 53-byte cells, allowing data to be transmitted between computers from different vendors at any network speed.

Attribute: A piece of information describing a particular entity.

Authentication: The ability of each party in a transaction to ascertain the identity of the other party.

Automation: Using the computer to speed up the performance of existing tasks.

Backbone: Part of a network handling the major traffic and providing the primary path for traffic flowing to or from other networks.

Backward Chaining: A strategy for searching the rule base in an expert system that acts like a problem solver by beginning with a hypothesis and seeking out more information until the hypothesis is either proved or disproved.

Balanced Scorecard: Model for analyzing firm performance which supplements traditional financial measures with measurements from additional business perspectives, such as customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth.

bandwidth: The capacity of a communications channel as measured by the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be transmitted by that channel.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Banner Ad: A graphic display on a Web page used for advertising. The banner is linked to the advertiser's Web site so that a person clicking on it will be transported to the advertiser's Web site.

Batch Processing: A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are accumulated and stored until a specified time when it is convenient or necessary to process them as a group.

Baud: A change in signal from positive to negative or vice versa that is used as a measure of transmission speed.

טקסט מודגש

Behavioral Models: Descriptions of management based on behavioral scientists' observations of what managers actually do in their jobs.

Benchmarking: Setting strict standards for products, services, or activities and measuring organizational performance against those standards.

Best Practices: The most successful solutions or problem-solving methods that have been developed by a specific organization or industry.

Bit: A binary digit representing the smallest unit of data in a computer system. It can only have one of two states, representing 0 or 1.

b2c

e commerce technology that allowes companes to publish on the web and pepole to buy threw the web.

[עריכה] B2B

 Business to Business mean electronice trad between business on the net

Bluetooth: Standard for wireless personal area networks that can transmit up to 720 KBPS within a 10 meter area.

Broadband: High-speed transmission technology. Also designates a communications medium that can transmit multiple channels of data simultaneously.

Bugs: Program code defects or errors.

Bullwhip Effect: Large fluctuations in inventories along the supply chain resulting from small unanticipated fluctuations in demand.

Bureaucracy: Formal organization with a clear-cut division of labor, abstract rules and procedures, and impartial decision making that uses technical qualifications and professionalism as a basis for promoting employees.

Bus Network: Network topology linking a number of computers by a single circuit with all messages broadcast to the entire network.

Business Functions: Specialized tasks performed in a business organization, including manufacturing and production, sales and marketing, finance, accounting, and human resources.

Business Model: An abstraction of what an enterprise is and how the enterprise delivers a product or service, showing how the enterprise creates wealth.

Business Process Reengineering: The radical redesign of business processes, combining steps to cut waste and eliminating repetitive, paper-intensive tasks in order to improve cost, quality, and service, and to maximize the benefits of information technology.

Business Processes: The unique ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, information, and knowledge to produce a product or service.

Business-to-Business ( B2B ) Electronic Commerce: Electronic sales of goods and services among businesses.

Business-to-Consumer ( B2C ) Electronic Commerce: Electronic retailing of products and services directly to individual consumers.

Byte: A string of bits, usually eight, used to store one number or character in a computer system.

C: A powerful programming language with tight control and efficiency of execution

is portable across different microprocessors and is used primarily with PCs.

C++: Object-oriented version of the C programming language.

Cable Modem: Modem designed to operate over cable TV lines to provide high-speed access to the Web or corporate intranets.

Call Center: An organizational department responsible for handling customer service issues by telephone and other channels.

Capacity Planning: The process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated to ensure that adequate computing resources are available for work of different priorities and that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs.

Capital Budgeting: The process of analyzing and selecting various proposals for capital expenditures.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): Type of RSI in which pressure on the median nerve through the wrist's bony carpal tunnel structure produces pain.

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR): Artificial intelligence technology that represents knowledge as a database of cases and solutions.

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory): Read-only optical disk storage used for imaging, reference, and other applications with massive amounts of unchanging data and for multimedia.

Cellular Telephone: A device that transmits voice or data, using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas called cells.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Area of the computer system that manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters, and controls the other parts of the computer system.

Centralized Processing: Processing that is accomplished by one large central computer.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Change Agent: In the context of implementation, the individual acting as the catalyst during the change process to ensure successful organizational adaptation to a new system or innovation.

Channel Conflict: Competition between two or more different distribution chains used to sell the products or services of the same company.

Channels: The links by which data or voice are transmitted between sending and receiving devices in a network.

Chatting: Live, interactive conversations over a public network.

Chief Information Officer (CIO): Senior manager in charge of the information systems function in the firm.

Chief Information Officer (CIO): Senior executive in charge of the organization's knowledge management program.

Choice: Simon's third stage of decision making, when the individual selects among the various solution alternatives.

CKO : Chief Knowladge Officer, similer to CIO but with more virity in responsebelty ;

Classical Model of Management: Traditional description of management that focused on its formal functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, deciding, and controlling.

Clicks and Mortar: Business model where the Web site is an extension of a traditional bricks-and-mortar business.

Clickstream Tracking: Tracking data about customer activities at Web sites and storing them in a log.

Client: The user point-of-entry for the required function in client/server computing. Normally a desktop computer, workstation, or laptop computer.

Client/Server Computing: A model for computing that splits processing between clients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the machine most able to perform the function. clustering Linking two computers together so that the second computer can act as a backup to the primary computer or speed up processing.

Coase lew: as a transaction gets smaller the bigger an organization can become.

For example: before the bank had so many ATM machines it had many branches, today people barely go to the bank because of  technology such as: online banking services, ATM machines, technological information services and etc.

Coaxial Cable: A transmission medium consisting of thickly insulated copper wire

can transmit large volumes of data quickly.

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Major programming language for business applications because it can process large data files with alphanumeric characters.

Cognitive Style: Underlying personality dispositions toward the treatment of information, selection of alternatives, and evaluation of consequences.

Collaborative Commerce: The use of digital technologies to enable multiple organizations to collaboratively design, develop, build, and manage products through their lifecycles.

Collaborative Filtering: Tracking users' movements on a Web site, comparing the information gleaned about a user's behavior against data about other customers with similar interests to predict what the user would like to see next.

Communications Technology: Physical devices and software that link various computer hardware components and transfer data from one physical location to another.

Competitive Forces Model: Model used to describe the interaction of external influences, specifically threats and opportunities, that affect an organization's strategy and ability to compete.

Compiler Special System: software that translates a high-level language into machine language for execution by the computer.

Computer - Aided Software Engineering (CASE): The automation of step-by-step methodologies for software and systems development to reduce the amount of repetitive work the developer needs to do.

Computer Abuse: The commission of acts involving a computer that may not be illegal but are considered unethical.

Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS): Information systems that rely on computer hardware and software for processing and disseminating information.

Computer Crime: The commission of illegal acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system.

Computer Hardware: Physical equipment used for input, processing, and output activities in an information system.

Computer Literacy: Knowledge about information technology, focusing on understanding how computer-based technologies work.

Computer Mouse: Handheld input device whose movement on the desktop controls the position of the cursor on the computer display screen.

Computer Software: Detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the work of computer hardware components in an information system.

Computer Virus: Rogue software programs that are difficult to detect which spread rapidly through computer systems, destroying data or disrupting processing and memory systems.

Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS): Eyestrain condition related to computer display screen use

symptoms include headaches, blurred vision, and dry and irritated eyes.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Information system that automates the creation and revision of designs using sophisticated graphics software.

Concentrator: Telecommunications computer that collects and temporarily stores messages from terminals for batch transmission to the host computer.

Connectivity: A measure of how well computers and computer-based devices communicate and share information with one another without human intervention.

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) Electronic Commerce: Consumers selling goods and services electronically to other consumers.

Control Unit: Component of the CPU that controls and coordinates the other parts of the computer system.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Controller: A specialized computer that supervises communications traffic between the CPU and the peripheral devices in a telecommunications system.

Controls: All of the methods, policies, and procedures that ensure protection of the organization's assets, accuracy and reliability of its records, and operational adherence to management standards.

Converged Network: Network with technology to enable voice, video, and data to run over a single network.

Conversion: The process of changing from the old system to the new system.

Cookie: Tiny file deposited on a computer hard drive when an individual visits certain Web sites. Used to identify the visitor and track visits to the Web site.

Cooptation: Bringing the opposition into the process of designing and implementing a solution without giving up control of the direction and nature of the change.

Copyright: A statutory grant that protects creators of intellectual property against copying by others for any purpose for a period of 28 years.

Core Competency: Activity at which a firm excels as a world-class leader.

Core Systems: Systems that support functions that are absolutely critical to the organization.

Cost-Benefit Rratio: A method for calculating the returns from a capital expenditure by dividing total benefits by total costs.

Counterimplementation: A deliberate strategy to thwart the implementation of an information system or an innovation in an organization.

Critical Success Factors (CSFs): A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by the industry, the firm, the manager, and the broader environment that are believed to assure the success of an organization. Used to determine the information requirements of an organization.

Customer Decision-Support System (CDSS): System to support the decision-making process of an existing or potential customer.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Business and technology discipline to coordinate all of the business processes for dealing with customers.

Customization: The modification of a software package to meet an organization's unique requirements without destroying the package software's integrity.

Data: Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.

Data Administration: A special organizational function for managing the organization's data resources, concerned with information policy, data planning, maintenance of data dictionaries, and data quality standards.

Data base Width: The number of bits that can be moved at one time between the CPU, primary storage, and the other devices of a computer.

Data Cleansing: Correcting errors and inconsistencies in data to increase accuracy so that they can be used in a standard company-wide format.

Data Definition Language: The component of a database management system that defines each data element as it appears in the database.

Data Dictionary: An automated or manual tool for storing and organizing information about the data maintained in a database.

Data Element: A field.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD): Primary tool for structured analysis that graphically illustrates a system's component processes and the flow of data between them.

Data Management Software: Software used for creating and manipulating lists, creating files and databases to store data, and combining information for reports.

Data Manipulation Language: A language associated with a database management system that end users and programmers use to manipulate data in the database.

Data Mart: A small data warehouse containing only a portion of the organization's data for a specified function or population of users.

Data Quality Audit: A survey and/or sample of files to determine accuracy and completeness of data in an information system.

Data Redundancy: The presence of duplicate data in multiple data files.

Data Security Controls: Controls to ensure that data files on either disk or tape are not subject to unauthorized access, change, or destruction.

Data Warehouse: A database, with reporting and query tools, that stores current and historical data extracted from various operational systems and consolidated for management reporting, analysis and identifying relationships that may exist between different variables.

Data Workers: People such as secretaries or bookkeepers who process the organization's paperwork.

Database: A group of related files.

Database (rigorous definition): A collection of data organized to service many applications at the same time by storing and managing data so that they appear to be in one location.

Database Administration: Refers to the more technical and operational aspects of managing data, including physical database design and maintenance.

Database Management System (DBMS): Special software to create and maintain a database and enable individual business applications to extract the data they need without having to create separate files or data definitions in their computer programs.

Database Server: A computer in a client/server environment that is responsible for running a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasks.

Dataconferencing: Teleconferencing in which two or more users are able to edit and modify data files simultaneously.

Data-Driven DSS: A system that supports decision-making by allowing users to extract and analyze useful information that was previously buried in large databases.

Datamining: Analysis of large pools of data to find patterns and rules that can be used to guide decision making and predict future behavior.

Debugging: The process of discovering and eliminating the errors and defects-the bugs-in program code.

Decisional Roles: Mintzberg's classification for managerial roles where managers initiate activities, handle disturbances, allocate resources, and negotiate conflicts.

Decision-Support System (DSS): Computer system at the management level of an organization that combines data, analytical tools, and models to support semistructured and unstructured decision-making.

Decision-Support Systems (DSS): Information systems at the Organization's management level that combine data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support nonroutine decision-making.

Dedicated Lines: Telephone lines that are continuously available for transmission by a lessee. Typically conditioned to transmit data at high speeds for high-volume applications.

Denial of Service Attack: Overwhelming a Web server with requests for data in order to cripple the network.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM): Technology for boosting transmission capacity of optical fiber by using many different wavelengths to carry separate streams of data over the same fiber strand at the same time.

Descartes' Rule of Change: A principle that states that if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, then it is not right to be taken at any time.

Design: Simon's second stage of decision making, when the individual conceives of possible alternative solutions to a problem.

Desktop Publishing: Technology that produces professional-quality documents combining output from word processors with design, graphics, and special layout features.

Development Methodology: A collection of methods, one or more for every activity within every phase of a development project.

Enterprise Security Challenges for 2006

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DFD-Short for data flow diagram, another name for a data flow model]]

Digital Cash: Currency represented in electronic form that moves outside the normal network of money.

Digital Certificate: An attachment to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender and to provide the receiver with the means to encode a reply.

Digital Checking: Systems that extend the functionality of existing checking accounts so they can be used for on-line shopping payments.

Digital Credit Card Payment System: Secure services for credit card payments on the Internet that protect information transmitted among users, merchant sites, and processing banks.

Digital Firm: Organization where nearly all significant business processes and relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled, and key corporate assets are managed through digital means.

Digital Rights Management (DRM)1 is an umbrella term referring to any of several technical methods used to control or restrict the use of digital media content on electronic devices with such technologies installed. The media most often restricted by DRM techniques include music, visual artwork, and movies.

Some digital media content publishers claim DRM technologies are necessary to prevent revenue loss due to illegal duplication of their copyrighted works. Civil libertarians, however, argue that transferring control of the use of media from consumers to a consolidated media industry will lead to loss of existing end-user rights, as well as stifling innovation in software and cultural productions.

No current DRM technology includes a mechanism to enable fair use rights per se, though some DRM methods allow acts of copying which may coincidentally align with legal use rights. Arguably, a technology cannot, in principle, know what legal restrictions and rights apply in a specific jurisdiction, usage context, under an external contract, or to an individual author, owner, or publisher. The home page of the Open Mobile Alliance, currently responsible for the DRM specification, can be found at http://www.openmobilealliance.org/index.html. The definision was taken from the wikipedia.

Digital Scanners: Input devices that translate images, such as pictures or documents, into digital form for processing.

Digital Signal: A discrete waveform that transmits data coded into two discrete states as 1-bits and 0-bits, which are represented as on-off electrical pulses

used for data communications.

Digital Signature: A digital code that can be attached to an electronically transmitted message to uniquely identify its contents and the sender.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): A group of technologies providing high-capacity transmission over existing copper telephone lines.

Digital Video Disk (DVD): High-capacity optical storage medium that can store full-length videos and large amounts of data.

Digital Wallet: Software that stores credit card and owner identification information and provides these data automatically during electronic commerce purchase transactions.

Direct Cutover: A risky conversion approach whereby the new system completely replaces the old one on an appointed day.

diskonkey :remoovable drive that operate like aregular dive while connecting to the computer.

Disaster Recovery Plan: Plan for running the business in the event of a computer outage. Includes organizational procedures as well as backup processing, storage, and database capabilities.

Disintermediation: The removal of organizations or business process layers responsible for certain intermediary steps in a value chain.

Distance Learning: Education or training delivered over a distance to individuals in one or more locations.

Distributed Database: A database that is stored in more than one physical location. Parts or copies of the database are physically stored in one location, and other parts or copies are stored and maintained in other locations.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Distributed Processing: The distribution of computer processing work among multiple computers linked by a communications network.

diskonkey: remoovablle drive that operate as regular while connecting to the computer.

Document Imaging Systems: Systems that convert documents and images into digital form so that they can be stored and accessed by the computer.

Documentation: Descriptions of how an information system works from both a technical and an end-user standpoint.

Domain Name: The unique name of a node on the Internet.

Domain Name System (DNS): A hierarchical system of servers maintaining databases enabling the conversion of domain names to their IP addresses.

Domestic Exporter: Form of business organization characterized by heavy centralization of corporate activities in the home country of origin.

Downsizing: The process of transferring applications from large computers to smaller ones.

Downtime: Period of time in which an information system is not operational.

DRP:disaster recovery planing. in case of a collaption in the computer system of a bussines, it need a backup , recovery and continuety plan.

Drill down: The ability to move from summary data to lower and lower levels of detail.

DSL: A family of technologies that provide a digital connection over the wires of the local telephone network

DSS Database: A collection of current or historical data from a number of applications or groups. Can be a small PC database or a massive data warehouse.

DSS Software System: Collection of software tools that are used for data analysis, such as OLAP tools, datamining tools, or a collection of mathematical and analytical models.

Due Process: A process in which laws are well-known and understood and there is an ability to appeal to higher authorities to ensure that laws are applied correctly.

Dynamic Page: Web page with content that changes in response to information a visitor supplies to a Web site.

Dynamic Pricing: Pricing of items based on real-time interactions between buyers and sellers that determine what a item is worth at any particular moment.

Efficient Customer Response System: System that directly links consumer behavior back to distribution, production, and supply chains.

802.11b: Standard developed for wireless LANs for workgroups that can transmit up to 11 MBPS in the 2.4 GHz band within a 100 meter area. Also known as Wi-Fi.

e-Learning: Instruction delivered through purely digital technology using the Internet or private networks.

Electronic Billing Presentment And Payment Systems: Systems used for paying routine monthly bills that allow users to view their bills electronically and pay them through electronic funds transfers from bank or credit card accounts.

Electronic Business: The use of Internet and other digital technology for organizational communication and coordination and the management of the firm.

Electronic Commerce: The process of buying and selling goods and services electronically involving transactions using the Internet, networks, and other digital technologies.

Electronic Commerce Server Software: Software that provides func-tions essential for running e-commerce Web sites, such as setting up electronic catalogs and storefronts, and mechanisms for processing customer purchases.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): The direct computer-to-computer exchange between two organizations of standard business transaction documents.

Electronic Mail (e-mail): The computer-to-computer exchange of messages.

Electronic Market: A marketplace that is created by computer and communication technologies that link many buyers and sellers.

Electronic Meeting System (EMS): A collaborative GDSS that uses information technology to make group meetings more productive by facilitating communication as well as decision-making. Supports meetings at the same place and time or at different places and times.

Electronic Payment System: The use of digital technologies, such as credit cards, smart cards, and Internet-based payment systems, to pay for products and services electronically.

Encryption: The coding and scrambling of messages to prevent their being read or accessed without authorization.

End Users: Representatives of departments outside the information systems group for whom applications are developed.

End-User Development: The development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists.

End-User Interface: The part of an information system through which the end user interacts with the system, such as on-line screens and commands.

Enterprise Analysis: An analysis of organization-wide information requirements that examines the entire organization in terms of organizational units, functions, processes, and data elements

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) : IT industry term for the broad set of activities supported by multi-module application software allowing a company to:

Automate and itntegrate it's business proccesses
share common data and practices across company
produse and access information in real time

helps identify the key entities and attributes in the organization's data.

it is also incorporates between three main systems inside the organization: Personnel, Budgets and Manufacturing. In toady’s world, when a big company can have a staff that works all over the world, we need and even depended on a system like this that helps us “make the world a smaller place” and overcomes the problems and complications that are in a big company like this.

Enterprise Application Integration Software: Software that ties together multiple applications to support enterprise integration.

Enterprise Information Portal: Application that enables companies to provide users with a single gateway to internal and external sources of information.

Enterprise Networking: An arrangement of the organization's hardware, software, network, and data resources to put more computing power on the desktop and create a company-wide network linking many smaller networks.

Enterprise Software: Set of integrated modules for applications such as sales and distribution, financial accounting, investment management, materials management, production planning, plant maintenance, and human resources that allow data to be used by multiple functions and business processes.

Enterprise Systems: Firmwide information systems that integrate key business processes so that information can flow freely between different parts of the firm.

Entity: A person, place, thing, or event about which information must be kept.

Entity-Relationship Diagram: A methodology for documenting databases illustrating the relationship between various entities in the database.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Ergonomics: The interaction of people and machines in the work environment, including the design of jobs, health issues, and the end-user interface of information systems.

Ethics: Principles of right and wrong that can be used by individuals acting as free moral agents to make choices to guide their behavior.

Exchange: Third-party net marketplace that is primarily transaction oriented and that connects many buyers and suppliers for spot purchasing.

Executive Support System (ESS): Information system at the strategic level of an organization designed to address unstructured decision-making through advanced graphics and communications.

Expert System: Knowledge-intensive computer program that captures the expertise of a human in limited domains of knowledge.

External Integration Tools: Project management technique that links the work of the implementation team to that of users at all organizational levels.

Extranet: Private intranet that is accessible to authorized outsiders.

Facsimile (fax): A machine that digitizes and transmits documents with both text and graphics over telephone lines.

Fair Information Practices (FIP): A set of principles originally set forth in 1973 that governs the collection and use of information about individuals and forms the basis of most U.S. and European privacy laws.

Fault-Tolerant Computer Systems: Systems that contain extra hardware, software, and power supply components that can back a system up and keep it running to prevent system failure.

Feasibility Study: As part of the systems analysis process, the way to determine whether the solution is achievable, given the organization's resources and constraints.

Feedback: Output that is returned to the appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct input.

Fiber-Optic Cable: A fast, light, and durable transmission medium consisting of thin strands of clear glass fiber bound into cables. Data are transmitted as light pulses.

Field: A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number, such as a person's name or age.

File: A group of records of the same type.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Tool for retrieving and transferring files from a remote computer.

Finance and Accounting Information Systems: Systems that keep track of the firm's financial assets and fund flows.

Firewall: Hardware or software placed between an organization's internal network and an external network to prevent outsiders from invading private networks.

Floppy Disk: Removable magnetic disk storage primarily used with PCs.

Focused Differentiation: Competitive strategy for developing new market niches for specialized products or services where a business can compete in the target area better than its competitors.

Formal Control Tools: Project management technique that helps monitor the progress toward completion of a task and fulfillment of goals.

Formal Planning Tools: Project management technique that structures and sequences tasks, budgeting time, money, and technical resources required to complete the tasks.

Formal System: System resting on accepted and fixed definitions of data and procedures, operating with predefined rules.

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): A programming language developed in 1956 for scientific and mathematical applications.

Forward Chaining: A strategy for searching the rule base in an expert system that begins with the information entered by the user and searches the rule base to arrive at a conclusion.

Fourth-Generation Language: A programming language that can be employed directly by end users or less-skilled programmers to develop computer applications more rapidly than conventional programming languages.

Frame Relay: A shared network service technology that packages data into bundles for transmission but does not use error-correction routines. Cheaper and faster than packet switching.

Framing: Displaying the content of another Web site inside one's own Web site within a frame or a window.

Franchiser: Form of business organization in which a product is created, designed, financed, and initially produced in the home country, but for product-specific reasons relies heavily on foreign personnel for further production, marketing, and human resources.

Front-End Processor: A special purpose computer dedicated to managing communications for the host computer in a network.

Fuzzy Logic Rule-Based: AI that tolerates imprecision by using nonspecific terms called membership functions to solve problems.

Gateway: A communications processor that connects dissimilar networks by providing the translation from one set of protocols to another.

General Controls: Overall controls that establish a framework for controlling the design, security, and use of computer programs throughout an organization.

Genetic Algorithms: Problem-solving methods that promote the evolution of solutions to specified problems using the model of living organisms adapting to their environment.

Geographic Information System (GIS): System with software that can analyze and display data using digitized maps to enhance planning and decision-making.

Gigabyte: Approximately one billion bytes. Unit of computer storage capacity.

Graphical User Interface (GUI): The part of an operating system users interact with that uses graphic icons and the computer mouse to issue commands and make selections.

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Group Decision-Support System (GDSS): An interactive computer-based system to facilitate the solution to unstructured problems by a set of decision makers working together as a group.

Groupware: Software that provides functions and services that support the collaborative activities of work groups.

Hacker: A person who gains unauthorized access to a computer network for profit, criminal mischief, or personal pleasure.

Hard Disk: Magnetic disk resembling a thin magnetic platter used in large computer systems and in most PCs.

Hierarchical DBMS: Older logical database model that organizes data in a treelike structure. A record is subdivided into segments that are connected to each other in one-to-many parent-child relationships.

High-Availability Computing: Tools and technologies, including backup hardware resources, to enable a system to recover quickly from a crash.

Hit: An entry into a Web server's log file generated by each request to the server for a file.

Home Page: A World Wide Web text and graphical screen display that welcomes the user and explains the organization that has established the page.

Human Resources Information Systems: Systems that maintain employee records track employee skills, job performance, and training and support planning for employee compensation and career development.

Hybrid AI Systems: Integration of multiple AI technologies into a single application to take advantage of the best features of these technologies.

Hypermedia Database: An approach to data management that organizes data as a network of nodes linked in any pattern the user specifies the nodes can contain text, graphics, sound, full-motion video, or executable programs.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language for creating Web pages and other hypermedia documents.

Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP): The communications standard used to transfer pages on the Web. Defines how messages are formatted and transmitted.

I-Mode: Standard developed by Japan's NTT DoCoMo mobile phone network for enabling cell phones to receive Web-based content and services.

Implementation: Simon's final stage of decision making, when the individual puts the decision into effect and reports on the progress of the solution.

Implementation: All organizational activities working toward the adoption, management, and routinization of an innovation.

Inference Engine: The strategy used to search through the rule base in an expert system can be forward or backward chaining.

Information: Data that have been analyzed and shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.

Information Appliance: Device that has been customized to perform a few specialized computing tasks well with minimal user effort.

Information Architecture: The particular design that information technology takes in a specific organization to achieve selected goals or functions.

Information Asymmetry: Situation where the relative bargaining power of two parties in a transaction is determined by one party in the transaction possessing more information essential to the transaction than the other party.

Information Center: A special facility within an organization that provides training and support for end-user computing.

Information Partnership: Cooperative alliance formed between two or more corporations for the purpose of sharing information to gain strategic advantage.

Information Policy: Formal rules governing the maintenance, distribution, and use of information in an organization.

Information Requirements: A detailed statement of the information needs that a new system must satisfy identifies who needs what information, and when, where, and how the information is needed.

Information Rights: The rights that individuals and organizations have with respect to information that pertains to themselves.

Information Superhighway: High-speed digital telecommunications networks that are national or worldwide in scope and accessible by the general public rather than restricted to specific organizations.

Information System: Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.

Information Systems Department: The formal organizational unit that is responsible for the information systems function in the organization.

Information Systems Managers: Leaders of the various specialists in the information systems department.

Information Systems Literacy: Broad-based understanding of information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about organizations and individuals using information systems as well as technical knowledge about computers.

Information Systems Plan: A road map indicating the direction of systems development: the rationale, the current situation, the management strategy, the implementation plan, and the budget.

Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure: Computer hardware, software, data and storage technology, and networks providing a portfolio of shared information technology resources for the organization.

Information Work: Work that primarily consists of creating or processing information.

Informational Roles: Mintzberg's classification for managerial roles where managers act as the nerve centers of their organizations, receiving and disseminating critical information.

Informed Consent: Consent given with knowledge of all the facts needed to make a rational decision.

Input: The capture or collection of raw data from within the organization or from its external environment for processing in an information system.

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Input Controls: The procedures to check data for accuracy and completeness when they enter the system.

Instant Messaging: Chat service that allows participants to create their own private chat channels so that a person can be alerted whenever someone on his or her private list is on-line to initiate a chat session with that particular individual.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): International standard for transmitting voice, video, image, and data to support a wide range of service over the public telephone lines.

Integrated SoftwarePackage: A software package that provides two or more applications, such as word processing and spreadsheets, providing for easy transfer of data between them.

Intellectual Property: Intangible property created by individuals or corporations that is subject to protections under trade secret, copyright, and patent law.

Intelligence: The first of Simon's four stages of decision making, when the individual collects information to identify problems occurring in the organization.

Intelligent Agent: Software program that uses a built-in or learned knowledge base to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks for an individual user, business process, or software application.

Internal Integration Tools: Project management technique that ensures that the implementation team operates as a cohesive unit.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR): The rate of return or profit that an investment is expected to earn.

Internet: International network of networks that is a collection of hundreds of thousands of private and public networks.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address: Four-part numeric address indicating a unique computer location on the Internet.

Internet Service Provider (ISP): A commercial organization with a permanent connection to the Internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers.

Internet Telephony: Technologies that use the Internet Protocol's packet-switched connections for voice service.

Internet2: Research network with new protocols and transmission speeds that provides an infrastructure for supporting high-bandwidth Internet applications.

Internetworking: The linking of separate networks, each of which retains its own identity, into an interconnected network.

Interorganizational Systems: Information systems that automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries and link a company to its customers, distributors, or suppliers.

Interpersonal Roles: Mintzberg's classification for managerial roles where managers act as figureheads and leaders for the organization.

Intranet: An internal network based on Internet and World Wide Web technology and standards.

Intrusion Detection System: Tools to monitor the most vulnerable points in a network to detect and deter unauthorized intruders.
Intuitive Decision Makers: Cognitive style that describes people who approach a problem with multiple methods in an unstructured manner, using trial and error to find a solution.

Investment Workstation: Powerful desktop computer for financial specialists, which is optimized to access and manipulate massive amounts of financial data.

Invisible Web or Deep Web

Information that search engines cannot or refuse to index because it is locked up within databases which the search engines robots have no access. It is estimated that the inaccessible part of the web is about 500 times larger than what search engines already provide access to. Google currently claims to have indexed or know about 1 billion web pages, using Google as a benchmark, means that there are about 500 billion pages of information available on the web, and only 1/500 of that information can be reached via traditional search engines. Related link: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/InvisibleWeb.html

Iteration Construct: The logic pattern in programming where certain actions are repeated while a specified condition occurs or until a certain condition is met.

Iterative: A process of repeating over and over again the steps to build a system.

Java: Programming language that can deliver only the software functionality needed for a particular task, such as a small applet downloaded from a network

can run on any computer and operating system.

Joint Application Design (JAD): Process to accelerate the generation of information requirements by having end users and information systems specialists work together in intensive interactive design sessions.

Jukebox: A device for storing and retrieving many optical disks.

Key Field: A field in a record that uniquely identifies instances of that record so that it can be retrieved, updated, or sorted.

Kilobyte: One thousand bytes (actually 1,024 storage positions). Unit of computer storage capacity.

Knowledge- and Information-Intense Products: Products that require a great deal of learning and knowledge to produce.

Knowledge Base: Model of human knowledge that is used by expert systems.

Knowledge Engineer A specialist who elicits information and expertise from other professionals and translates it into a set of rules or frames for an expert system.

Knowledge Frames: A method of organizing expert system knowledge into chunks

the relationships are based on shared characteristics determined by the user.

Knowledge Level Systems: Information systems that support knowledge and data workers in an organization.

Knowledge Management: The set of processes developed in an organization to create, store, disseminate, and apply the firm's knowledge.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS): Information systems that aid knowledge workers in the creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization.

Knowledge Workers People such as engineers or architects who design products or services and create knowledge for the organization.

Knowledge-Level Decision Making: Evaluating new ideas for products, services, ways to communicate new knowledge, and ways to distribute information throughout the organization.

Legacy System: A system that has been in existence for a long time and that continues to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning it.

Liability: The existence of laws that permit individuals to recover the damages done to them by other actors, systems, or organizations.

Linux: Reliable and compactly designed operating system that is an offshoot of UNIX, that can run on many different hardware platforms and is available free or at very low cost.

LISTSERV: On-line groups using e-mail broadcast from mailing list servers for discussions or messaging.

Load Balancing: Distribution of large numbers of requests for access among multiple servers so that no single device is overwhelmed.

Local Area Network (LAN): A telecommunications network that requires its own dedicated channels and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in close proximity.

Logical View: A representation of data as they would appear to an application programmer or end user.

Machine Cycle: Series of operations required to process a single machine instruction.

Machine Language: A programming language consisting of the 1s and 0s of binary code.

Magnetic Disk: A secondary storage medium in which data are stored by means of magnetized spots on a hard or floppy disk.

Magnetic Tape: Inexpensive, older, secondary-storage medium in which large volumes of information are stored sequentially by means of magnetized and nonmagnetized spots on tape.

Mainframe: Largest category of computer, used for major business processing.

Maintenance: Changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures to a production system to correct errors, meet new requirements, or improve processing efficiency.

Management Control: Monitoring how efficiently or effectively resources are used and how well operational units are performing.

Management Information Systems (MIS): The study of information systems focusing on their use in business and management.

Management Information Systems (MIS): Information systems at the management level of an organization that serve the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception reports.

Management-Level Systems: Information systems that support the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers.

Managerial Roles: Expectations of the activities that managers should perform in an organization.

Man-Month: The traditional unit of measurement used by systems designers to estimate the length of time to complete a project. Refers to the amount of work a person can be expected to complete in a month.

Manufacturing And Production Information Systems: Systems that deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and with controlling the flow of production.

Mass Customization: The capacity to offer individually tailored products or services on a large scale.

Massively Parallel Computers: Computers that use hundreds or thousands of processing chips to attack large computing problems simultaneously.

Master File: A file that contains all permanent information and is updated during processing by transaction data.

Megabyte: Approximately one million bytes. Unit of computer storage capacity.

Megahertz: A measure of cycle speed, or the pacing of events in a computer

one megahertz equals one million cycles per second.

Message Integrity: The ability to ascertain that a transmitted message has not been copied or altered.

Microbrowser: Web browser software with a small file size that can work with low-memory constraints, tiny screens of handheld wireless devices, and low bandwidth of wireless networks.

Micropayment: Payment for a very small sum of money, often less than $10.

Microprocessor: Very large scale integrated circuit technology that integrates the computer's memory, logic, and control on a single chip.

Microwave: A high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point transmission in which high-frequency radio signals are transmitted through the atmosphere from one terrestrial transmission station to another.

Middle Managers: People in the middle of the organizational hierarchy who are responsible for carrying out the plans and goals of senior management.

Middleware: Software that connects two disparate applications, allowing them to communicate with each other and to exchange data.

Midrange Computer: Middle-size computer that is capable of supporting the computing needs of smaller organizations or of managing networks of other computers.

Minicomputer: Middle-range computer used in systems for universities, factories, or research laboratories.

Mirroring: Duplicating all the processes and transactions of a server on a backup server to prevent any interruption in service if the primary server fails.

MIS Audit: Identifies all the controls that govern individual information systems and assesses their effectiveness.

Mobile Commerce (m-commerce): The use of wireless devices, such as cell phones or handheld digital information appliances, to conduct both business-to-consumer and business-to-business e-commerce transactions over the Internet.

Mobile Data Networks: Wireless networks that enable two-way transmission of data files.

Model: An abstract representation that illustrates the components or relationships of a phenomenon.

Model-driven DSS: Primarily stand-alone system that uses some type of model to perform what-if and other kinds of analyses.

Modem: A device for translating digital signals into analog signals and vice versa.

Module: A logical unit of a program that performs one or several functions.

MP3 (MPEG3): Compression standard that can compress audio files for transfer over the Internet with virtually no loss in quality.

Multicasting: Transmission of data to a selected group of recipients.

Multimedia: The integration of two or more types of media such as text, graphics, sound, voice, full-motion video, or animation into a computer-based application.

Multinational: Form of business organization that concentrates financial management and control out of a central home base while decentralizing production, sales, and marketing operations to units in other countries.

Multiplexer: A device that enables a single communications channel to carry data transmissions from multiple sources simultaneously.

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Multiprocessing: An operating system feature for executing two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer system by using multiple central processing units.

Multiprogramming: A method of executing two or more programs concurrently using the same computer. The CPU executes only one program but can service the input/output needs of others at the same time.

Multitasking: The multiprogramming capability of primarily single-user operating systems, such as those for older PCs.

Nanosecond: One-billionth of a second.

Nanotechnology: Creation of materials, devices, and systems through the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

Natural Languages: Programming language that is very close to human language.

Net Marketplace: A single digital marketplace based on Internet technology linking many buyers to many sellers.

Net Present Value: The amount of money an investment is worth, taking into account its cost, earnings, and the time value of money.

Network: The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer.

Network Computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer that does not store software programs or data permanently. Users download whatever software or data they need from a central computer over the Internet or an organization's own internal network.

Network DBMS: An older logical database model that is useful for depicting many-to-many relationships.

Network Economics: Model of strategic systems at the industry level based on the concept of a network where adding another participant entails zero marginal costs but can create much larger marginal gain.

Network Operating System (NOS): Special software that routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources.

Neural Network: Hardware or software that attempts to emulate the processing patterns of the biological brain.

Normalization: The process of creating small stable data structures from complex groups of data when designing a relational database.

Object-Oriented DBMS: An approach to data management that stores both data and the procedures acting on the data as objects that can be automatically retrieved and shared the objects can contain multimedia.

Object-Oriented Programming: An approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single object.

Object-Oriented Software Development: An approach to software development that shifts the focus from modeling processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objects.

Object-Relational DBMS: A database management system that combines the capabilities of a relational DBMS for storing traditional information and the capabilities of an object-oriented DBMS for storing graphics and multimedia.

Office 2000 and Office XP: Integrated software suites with capabilities for supporting collaborative work on the Web or incorporating information from the Web into documents.

Office Systems: Computer systems, such as word processing, electronic mail systems, and scheduling systems, that are designed to increase the productivity of data workers in the office.

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP): Capability for manipulating and analyzing large volumes of data from multiple perspectives.

On-Line Processing A method of collecting and processing data in which transactions are entered directly into the computer system and processed immediately.

On-Line Transaction Processing: Transaction processing mode in which transactions entered on-line are immediately processed by the computer.

Open Systems: Software systems that can operate on different hardware platforms because they are built on public nonproprietary operating systems, user interfaces, application standards, and networking protocols.

Open Systems Interconnect (OSI): International reference model for linking different types of computers and networks.

Open-Source Software: Software that provides free access to its program code, allowing users to modify the program code to make improvements or fix errors.

Operating System: The system software that manages and controls the activities of the computer.

Operational Control: Deciding how to carry out specific tasks specified by upper and middle management, and establishing criteria for completion and resource allocation.

Operational Managers: People who monitor the day-to-day activities of the organization.

Operational-Level Systems: Information systems that monitor the elementary activities and transactions of the organization.

Optical Network: High-speed networking technologies for transmitting data in the form of light pulses.

Opt-In: Model of informed consent prohibiting an organization from collecting any personal information unless the individual specifically takes action to approve information collection and use.

Opt-Out: Model of informed consent permitting the collection of personal information until the consumer specifically requests that the data not be collected.

Organization (behavioral definition): A collection of rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities that are delicately balanced over a period of time through conflict and conflict resolution.

Organization (technical definition): A stable, formal, social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs.

Organizational Culture: The set of fundamental assumptions about what products the organization should produce, how and where it should produce them, and for whom they should be produced.

Organizational Impact Analysis: Study of the way a proposed system will affect organizational structure, attitudes, decision making, and operations.

Organizational Learning: Creation of new standard operating procedures and business processes that reflect organizations' experience.

Organizational Memory The stored learning from an organization's history that can be used for decision making and other purposes.

Organizational Models Of Decision Making: Models of decision making that take into account the structural and political characteristics of an organization.

Os/400: is the operating system of ibm for it's as/400 line of computers

Output: The distribution of processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.

Output Controls: Measures that ensure that the results of computer processing are accurate, complete, and properly distributed.

Outsourcing: The practice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendors.

P3P: Industry standard designed to give users more control over personal information gathered on Web sites they visit. Stands for Platform for Privacy Preferences.

Packet Switching: Technology that breaks blocks of text into small, fixed bundles of data and routes them in the most economical way through any available communications channel.

Paging System: A wireless transmission technology in which the pager beeps when the user receives a message used to transmit short alphanumeric messages.

Parallel Processing: Type of processing in which more than one instruction can be processed at a time by breaking down a problem into smaller parts and processing them simultaneously with multiple processors.

Parallel Strategy: A safe and conservative conversion approach where both the old system and its potential replacement are run together for a time until everyone is assured that the new one functions correctly.

Patent: A legal document that grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years designed to ensure that inventors of new machines or methods are rewarded for their labor while making widespread use of their inventions.

Payback Method: A measure of the time required to pay back the initial investment on a project.

Peer-To-Peer Network: architecture that gives equal power to all computers on the network used primarily in small networks.

Peer-to-Peer Computing: Form of distributed processing that links computers via the Internet or private networks so that they can share processing tasks.

Peer-to-Peer

Payment System: Electronic payment system for people who want to send money to vendors or individuals who are not set up to accept credit card payments.

Personal Communication Services (PCS): A digital cellular technology that uses lower power, higher frequency radio waves than does analog cellular technology.

Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop or portable computer.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDA): Small, pen-based, handheld computers with built-in wireless telecommunications capable of entirely digital communications transmission.

Phased Approach: Introduces the new system in stages either by functions or by organizational units.

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Physical View: The representation of data as they would actually be organized on physical storage media.

Pilot Study: A strategy to introduce the new system to a limited area of the organization until it is proven to be fully functional only then can the conversion to the new system across the entire organization take place.

Portal: Web site or other service that provides an initial point of entry to the Web or to internal company data.

Portfolio Analysis: An analysis of the portfolio of potential applications within a firm to determine the risks and benefits, and to select among alternatives for information systems.

Postimplementation Audit: Formal review process conducted after a system has been placed in production to determine how well the system has met its original objectives.

Present Value: The value, in current dollars, of a payment or stream of payments to be received in the future.

Presentation Graphics: Software to create professional-quality graphics presentations that can incorporate charts, sound, animation, photos, and video clips.

Primary Activities: Activities most directly related to the production and distribution of a firm's products or services.

Primary Storage: Part of the computer that temporarily stores program instructions and data being used by the instructions.

Privacy: The claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or the state.

Private Branch Exchange (PBX): A central switching system that handles a firm's voice and digital communications.

Private Exchange: Another term for a private industrial network.

Private Industrial Networks: Web-enabled networks linking systems of multiple firms in an industry for the coordination of transorganizational business processes.

Process Specifications: Describe the logic of the processes occurring within the lowest levels of a data flow diagram.

Processing: The conversion, manipulation, and analysis of raw input into a form that is more meaningful to humans.

Processing Controls: The routines for establishing that data are complete and accurate during updating.

Product Differentiation: Competitive strategy for creating brand loyalty by developing new and unique products and services that are not easily duplicated by competitors.

Production: The stage after the new system is installed and the conversion is complete during this time the system is reviewed by users and technical specialists to determine how well it has met its original goals.

Production or Service Workers: People who actually produce the products or services of the organization.

Profiling: The use of computers to combine data from multiple sources and create electronic dossiers of detailed information on individuals.

Profitability Index: Used to compare the profitability of alternative investments it is calculated by dividing the present value of the total cash inflow from an investment by the initial cost of the investment.

Program: A series of statements or instructions to the computer.

Program-Data Dependence: The close relationship between data stored in files and the software programs that update and maintain those files. Any change in data organization or format requires a change in all the programs associated with those files.

Programmers: Highly trained technical specialists who write computer software instructions.

Programming: The process of translating the system specifications prepared during the design stage into program code.

Protocol: A set of rules and procedures that govern transmission between the components in a network.

Prototype: The preliminary working version of an information system for demonstration and evaluation purposes.

Prototyping: The process of building an experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluation so that users can better determine information requirements.

Pure-Play: Business models based purely on the Internet.

Push Technology: Method of obtaining relevant information on networks by having a computer broadcast information directly to the user based on prespecified interests.

Query Language: Software tool that provides immediate on-line answers to requests for information that are not predefined.

RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks): Disk storage technology to boost disk performance by packaging more than 100 smaller disk drives with a controller chip and specialized software in a single large unit to deliver data over multiple paths simultaneously.

RAM (Random Access Memory): Primary storage of data or program instructions that can directly access any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time.

Rapid Application Development (RAD): Process for developing systems in a very short time period by using prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialists.

Rational Model: Model of human behavior based on the belief that people, organizations, and nations engage in basically consistent, value-maximizing calculations.

Rationalization Of Procedures: The streamlining of standard operating procedures, eliminating obvious bottlenecks, so that automation makes operating procedures more efficient.

Reach: Measurement of how many people a business can connect with and how many products it can offer those people.

Real Options Pricing Models: Models for evaluating information technology investments with uncertain returns by using techniques for valuing financial options.

Record: A group of related fields.

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC): Technology used to enhance the speed of microprocessors by embedding only the most frequently used instructions on a chip.

Reintermediation: The shifting of the intermediary role in a value chain to a new source.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Relational DBMS: A type of logical database model that treats data as if they were stored in two-dimensional tables. It can relate data stored in one table to data in another as long as the two tables share a common data element.

Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI): Occupational disease that occurs when muscle groups are forced through repetitive actions with high-impact loads or thousands of repetitions with low-impact loads.

Request For Proposal (RFP): A detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other services to determine how well the vendor's product can meet the organization's specific requirements.

Resource Allocation: The determination of how costs, time, and personnel are assigned to different phases of a systems development project.

Responsibility: Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the decisions one makes.

Reverse Logistics: The return of items from buyers to sellers in a supply chain.

Richness: Measurement of the depth and detail of information that a business can supply to the customer as well as information the business collects about the customer.

Ring Network: A network topology in which all computers are linked by a closed loop in a manner that passes data in one direction from one computer to another.

Risk Assessment: Determining the potential frequency of the occurrence of a problem and the potential damage if the problem were to occur. Used to determine the cost/benefit of a control.

Risk Aversion Principle: Principle that one should take the action that produces the least harm or incurs the least cost.

ROM (Read-Only Memory): Semiconductor memory chips that contain program instructions. These chips can only be read from they cannot be written to.

ROI-Return on investment-measures the benefit (financial and non-financial) that a company gains from investment in IT (its(design,implementation,etc

Run Control Totals: The procedures for controlling completeness of computer updating by generating control totals that reconcile totals before and after processing.

Rule Base: The collection of knowledge in an AI system that is represented in the form of IF-THEN rules.

Rule-Based Expert System: An AI program that has a large number of interconnected and nested IF-THEN statements, or rules, that are the basis for the knowledge in the system.

Sales and Marketing Information Systems: Systems that help the firm identify customers for the firm's products or services, develop products and services to meet customers' needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support.

Satellite: The transmission of data using orbiting satellites that serve as relay stations for transmitting microwave signals over very long distances.

Scalability: The ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down.

Scoring Model: A quick method for deciding among alternative systems based on a system of ratings for selected objectives.

Search Engine: A tool for locating specific sites or information on the Internet.

Secondary Storage: Relatively long term, nonvolatile storage of data outside the CPU and primary storage.

Secure Electronic Transaction (SET): A standard for securing credit card transactions over the Internet and other networks.

Security: Policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information systems.

Selection Construct: The logic pattern in programming where a stated condition determines which of two alternative actions can be taken.

Senior Managers: People occupying the topmost hierarchy in an organization who are responsible for making long-range decisions.

Sensitivity Analysis: Models that ask what-if questions repeatedly to determine the impact of changes in one or more factors on the outcomes.

Sequence Construct: The sequential single steps or actions in the logic of a program that do not depend on the existence of any condition.

Server: Computer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network.

Server Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for electronic commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers.

Shopping Bot: Software with varying levels of built-in intelligence to help electronic commerce shoppers locate and evaluate products or services they might wish to purchase.

Smart Card: A credit-card-size plastic card that stores digital information and that can be used for electronic payments in place of cash.

Smart Phone: Wireless phone with voice, text, and Internet capabilities.

Sociotechnical Design: Design to produce information systems that blend technical efficiency with sensitivity to organizational and human needs.

Software Metrics: The objective assessments of the software used in a system in the form of quantified measurements.

Software Package: A prewritten, precoded, commercially available set of programs that eliminates the need to write software programs for certain functions.

Software: The detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system.

Source Code: Program instructions written in a high-level language that must be translated into machine language to be executed by the computer.

Source Data Automation: Input technology that captures data in computer-readable form at the time and place the data are created.

Spamming: The practice of sending unsolicited e-mail and other electronic communication.

Spreadsheet: Software displaying data in a grid of columns and rows, with the capability of easily recalculating numerical data.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Formal rules for accomplishing tasks that have been developed to cope with expected situations.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed by organizations to cope with virtually all expected situations.

פרקי ספר הלימוד

Star Network: A network topology in which all computers and other devices are connected to a central host computer. All communications between network devices must pass through the host computer.

Storage Area Network (SAN): A high-speed network dedicated to storage that connects different kinds of storage devices, such as tape libraries and disk arrays.

Storage Service Provider (SSP): Third-party provider that rents out storage space to subscribers over the Web, allowing customers to store and access their data without having to purchase and maintain their own storage technology.

Storage Technology: Physical media and software governing the storage and organization of data for use in an information system.

Stored Value Payment Systems: Systems enabling consumers to make instant on-line payments to merchants and other individuals based on value stored in a digital account.

Strategic Decision Making: Determining the long-term objectives, resources, and policies of an organization.

Strategic Information Systems: Computer systems at any level of the organization that change goals, operations, products, services, or environmental relationships to help the organization gain a competitive advantage.

Strategic Transitions: A movement from one level of sociotechnical system to another. Often required when adopting strategic systems that demand changes in the social and technical elements of an organization.

Strategic-Level Systems: Information systems that support the long-range planning activities of senior management.

Streaming Technology: Technology for transferring data so that they can be processed as a steady and continuous stream.

Structure Chart: System documentation showing each level of design, the relationship among the levels, and the overall place in the design structure can document one program, one system, or part of one program.

Structured: Refers to the fact that techniques are carefully drawn up, step by step, with each step building on a previous one.

Structured Analysis: A method for defining system inputs, processes, and outputs and for partitioning systems into subsystems or modules that show a logical graphic model of information flow.

Structured Decisions: Decisions that are repetitive, routine, and have a definite procedure for handling them.

Structured Design: Software design discipline encompassing a set of design rules and techniques for designing systems from the top down in a hierarchical fashion.

Structured Programming: A discipline for organizing and coding programs that simplifies the control paths so that the programs can be easily understood and modified uses the basic control structures and modules that have only one entry point and one exit point.

Structured Query Language (SQL): The standard data manipulation language for relational database management systems.

Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly.

Supply Chain: Network of organizations and business processes for procuring materials, transforming raw materials into intermediate and finished products, and distributing the finished products to customers.

Supply Chain Management: Close linkage and coordination of activities involved in buying, making, and moving a product.

Support Activities: Activities that make the delivery of a firm's primary activities possible. Consist of the organization's infrastructure, human resources, technology, and procurement.

Switched Lines: Telephone lines that a person can access from a terminal to transmit data to another computer, the call being routed or switched through paths to the designated destination.

Switching Costs: The expense a customer or company incurs in lost time and resources when changing from one supplier or system to a competing supplier or system.

Syndicator: Business aggregating content or applications from multiple sources, packaging them for distribution, and reselling them to third-party Web sites.

System Failure: An information system that either does not perform as expected, is not operational at a specified time, or cannot be used in the way it was intended.

System Flowchart: A graphic design tool that depicts the physical media and sequence of processing steps used in an entire information system.

System Software: Generalized programs that manage the computer's resources, such as the central processor, communications links, and peripheral devices.

System Testing: Tests the functioning of the information system as a whole in order to determine if discrete modules will function together as planned.

Systematic Decision Makers: Cognitive style that describes people who approach a problem by structuring it in terms of some formal method.

Systems Analysis: The analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with an information system.

Systems Analysts: Specialists who translate business problems and requirements into information requirements and systems, acting as liaisons between the information systems department and the rest of the organization.

Systems Design: Details how a system will meet the information requirements as determined by the systems analysis.

Systems Development: The activities that go into producing an information system solution to an organizational problem or opportunity.

Systems Lifecycle: A traditional methodology for developing an information system that partitions the systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially with a very formal division of labor between end users and information systems specialists.

T1 Line: A dedicated telephone connection comprising 24 channels that can support a data transmission rate of 1.544 megabits per second. Each channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic.

Tacit Knowledge: Expertise and experience of organizational members that has not been formally documented.

Tangible Benefits: Benefits that can be quantified and assigned a monetary value they include lower operational costs and increased cash flows.

Teamware: Internet-based collaboration software that is customized for teamwork.

Technostress: Stress induced by computer use symptoms include aggravation, hostility toward humans, impatience, and enervation.

Telecommunications: The communication of information by electronic means, usually over some distance.

Telecommunications System: A collection of compatible hardware and software arranged to communicate information from one location to another.

Teleconferencing: The ability to confer with a group of people simultaneously using the telephone or electronic-mail group communication software.

Telnet: Network tool that allows someone to log on to one computer system while doing work on another.

Terabyte: Approximately one trillion bytes. Unit of computer storage capacity.

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Test Plan: Prepared by the development team in conjunction with the users it includes all of the preparations for the series of tests to be performed on the system.

Testing: The exhaustive and thorough process that determines whether the system produces the desired results under known conditions.

Time Sharing: The sharing of computer resources by many users simultaneously by having the CPU spend a fixed amount of time on each user's program before proceeding to the next.

Topology: The shape or configuration of a network.

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): Designates the total cost of owning technology resources, including initial purchase costs, the cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training.

Total Quality Management (TQM): A concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organization.

Trade Secret: Any intellectual work or product used for a business purpose that can be classified as belonging to that business, provided it is not based on information in the public domain.

Transaction Cost Theory: Economic theory stating that firms grow larger because they can conduct marketplace transactions internally more cheaply than they can with external firms in the marketplace.

Transaction File: In batch systems, a file in which all transactions are accumulated to await processing.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Computerized systems that perform and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business they serve the organization's operational level.

Transborder Data Flow: The movement of information across international boundaries in any form.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): U.S. Department of Defense reference model for linking different types of computers and networks used in the Internet.

Transnational: Truly global form of business organization with no national headquarters value-added activities are managed from a global perspective without reference to national borders, optimizing sources of supply and demand and local competitive advantage.

Tuple: A row or record in a relational database.

Twisted Wire: A transmission medium consisting of pairs of twisted copper wires used to transmit analog phone conversations but can be used for data transmission.

Unified Messaging: System combining voice messages, e-mail, and fax so that they can all be obtained from a single system.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL): The address of a specific resource on the Internet.

Unit Testing: The process of testing each program separately in the system. Sometimes called program testing.

UNIX: Operating system for all types of computers, which is machine independent and supports multiuser processing, multitasking, and networking. Used in high-end workstations and servers.

Unstructured Decisions: Nonroutine decisions in which the decision maker must provide judgment, evaluation, and insights into the problem definition there is no agreed-on procedure for making such decisions.

Usenet: Forums in which people share information and ideas on a defined topic through large electronic bulletin boards where anyone can post messages on the topic for others to see and to which others can respond.

User-Designer Communications Gap: The difference in backgrounds, interests, and priorities that impede communication and problem solving among end users and information systems specialists.

User Interface: The part of the information system through which the end user interacts with the system type of hardware and the series of on-screen commands and responses required for a user to work with the system.

Utilitarian Principle: Principle that assumes one can put values in rank order and understand the consequences of various courses of action.

Value Chain Model: Model that highlights the primary or support activities that add a margin of value to a firm's products or services where information systems can best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage.

Value Web: Customer-driven network of independent firms who use information technology to coordinate their value chains to collectively produce a product or service for a market.

Value-Added Network (VAN): Private, multipath, data-only, third-party-managed network that multiple organizations use on a subscription basis.

Videoconferencing: Teleconferencing in which participants see each other over video screens.

Virtual Organization: Organization using networks to link people, assets, and ideas to create and distribute products and services without being limited to traditional organizational boundaries or physical locations.

Virtual Private Network (VPN): A secure connection between two points across the Internet to transmit corporate data. Provides a low-cost alternative to a private network.

Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML): A set of specifications for interactive three-dimensional modeling on the World Wide Web.

Virtual Reality Systems: Interactive graphics software and hardware that create computer-generated simulations that provide sensations that emulate real-world activities.

Virtual Storage: Handling programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed- or variable-length portions with only a small portion stored in primary memory at one time.

Visual Programming: The construction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects rather than by writing program code.

Voice Input Devices: Technology that converts the spoken word into digital form for processing.

Voice Mail: A system for digitizing a spoken message and transmitting it over a network.

Voice Over IP (VoIP): Facilities for managing the delivery of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP).

Voice Portal: Portal that can accept voice commands for accessing information from the Web.

VPN-Short for virtual private network, a network that is constructed by using public wires to connect nodes. For example, there are a number of systems that enable you to create networks using the Internet as the medium for transporting data. These systems use encryption and other security mechanisms to ensure that only authorized users can access the network and that the data cannot be intercepted.

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VPN-Short for virtual private network, a network that is constructed by using public wires to connect nodes

Walkthrough: A review of a specification or design document by a small group of people carefully selected based on the skills needed for the particular objectives being tested.

Web Browser: An easy-to-use software tool for accessing the World Wide Web and the Internet.

Web Bugs: Tiny graphic files embedded in e-mail messages and Web pages that are designed to monitor on-line Internet user behavior.

Web Content Management Tools: Software to facilitate the collection, assembly, and management of content on a Web site, intranet, or extranet.

Web Hosting Service: Company with large Web server computers to maintain the Web sites of fee-paying subscribers.

Web Personalization: The tailoring of Web content directly to a specific user.

Web Server: Software that manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored and that delivers the page to the user's computer.

Web Services: Software components deliverable over the Internet that enable one application to communicate with another with no translation required.

Web Site: All of the World Wide Web pages maintained by an organization or an individual.

Web Site Performance Monitoring Tools: Software tools for monitoring the time to download Web pages or perform Web transactions. These tools can identify broken links between Web pages and pinpoint other Web site problems and bottlenecks.

Webhousing: Storing data collected from Web site visitors in a special data warehouse for this purpose.

Webmaster: The person in charge of an organization's Web site.

Wide Area Network (WAN): Telecommunications network that s a large geographical distance. May consist of a variety of wired, satellite, and microwave technologies.

Windows 2000: An operating system developed by Microsoft for use with 32-bit PCs, workstations, and network servers. Supports networking, multitasking, multiprocessing, and Internet services.

Windows 98: Version of the Windows operating system that is closely integrated with the Internet and that supports multitasking, networking and hardware technologies such as digital video disk, videoconferencing cameras, scanners, TV tuner-adapter cards, and joysticks.

Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me): Enhanced Windows operating system for consumer users featuring tools for working with video, photos, music, and home networking.

Windows XP: Powerful Windows operating system that provides reliability, robustness, and ease of use for both corporate and home PC users.

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): System of protocols and technologies that lets cell phones and other wireless devices with tiny displays, low-bandwidth connections, and minimal memory access Web-based information and services.

Wireless Web: Web-based applications enabling users to access digital information from the Internet using wireless mobile computing devices.

Word Length: The number of bits that the computer can process at one time. The larger the word length, the greater the computer's speed.

WML (Wireless Markup Language): Markup language for Wireless Web sites based on XML and optimized for tiny displays.

Word Processing: Office system technology that facilitates the creation of documents through computerized text editing, formatting, storing, and printing.

Work Flow Management: The process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another.

Workstation: Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated tasks at once.

World Wide Web: A system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a networked environment.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language): General-purpose language that describes the structure of a document and supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulated by the computer. Used for both Web and non-Web applications.

ROIP or Radio Over Internet is the latest method in controlling and communicating through a remote base stations very cost effectively. Expensive or unreliable least phone lines are a thing of the past as all your radio traffic is handled via an Internet connection between remote base stations and office using any high speed Internet connection (DSL or Cable Modem) and your computer.

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English Glossary

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